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We have undertaken a comprehensive study of halakhic penology throughout Jewish history. In the course of our studies we have been stymied by two major problems: the utter impracticality of the criminal law of the Torah as a means of maintaining law and order, and the strangeness of the kippah penalty.
He discusses these fully issues in his major work Jewish Penology Magnes press 2013
https://www.magnespress.co.il/en/book/Jewish_Penology-3533
We
intend to point out that there was more than one system of Jewish penology. We
will elaborate upon the existence of a
classical system – retributory and expatiatory – related to a self-perfecting
society. Only such a society would ordain a painless penalty for death for
criminals guilty of the most serious crimes with malice and forethought and a
painful punishment with immediate
restoration to one's community for criminals guilty of lesser crimes. Criminal
penalties for the purposes of deterrence (private or public) or of social
rehabilitation are minor considerations.
In addition to and alongside the classical penological system, we will be detailing other systems of a more practical nature: one governed by the King's law and others emerging from rabbinical ad hoc urisdiction and communal legislation. These systems are less governed by the classical motivations of strict retribution and religious expiation (which continue to play a role – albeit a relatively minor one); deterrence and social rehabilitation, law and order, are their dominant considerations. Moreover the varying degrees of judicial autonomy granted to the Jewish community by the non-Jewish governments resulted invariations in penal practices among the various communities themselves.