These are selections of sources from my Daas Torah 2nd edition
Rav Chaim Voloshner (Ruach Chaim 1:4): … It is prohibited for a student to accept the words of his teacher if he has questions about them. Furthermore sometimes the truth is with the student and not the teacher.” Avos (1:4) says, One should sit in the dust at the feet of one’s teachers and drink with unquenchable thirst what they say. “The word for sitting - avek - can also mean struggle or warfare. That is because this is an obligatory struggle. The holy rabbis who have composed the books we study have in fact given us permission to struggle and to fight over their words and to answer the difficulties they raise. Therefore, we have the right to question what they say and not to blindly accept their words - but one must love the truth…. Since ascertaining the truth is the prime concern - we must be very careful not to be conceited and egotistical in the discussions and to imagine that we are as great as the teacher or author with whom we are disagreeing. We should be aware in our hearts that we might simply be misunderstanding their words. Therefore we must always be very humble. We must have the attitude, ‘I am not worthy to argue but this is Torah and I must know the correct answer’. Furthermore, the Mishna states that the struggle is conditional on being ‘in the dust at their feet’ which means we must be humble and submissive and figuratively sit on the ground before them in these discussions.
Seridei Aish (1:113): I frequently comment on the apparent contradiction found in Avos (6:5) concerning those factors involved in acquiring Torah i.e. analysis of the students and faith in our Sages. Furthermore, what does faith in our Sages have to do with acquiring Torah? However, the explanation is that if one doesn’t believe in the truth of the words of the sages then one readily dismisses them for the slightest reason. With an attitude of condescension, one proclaims that they didn’t know what they were talking about. Consequently, one makes no effort to investigate and try to validate what they said. However, in the end we find that in fact we are the ones who have erred. … Therefore it is characteristic of the truly wise to presume that the sages have not erred, G d forbid! In fact we, with our limited perspective and limited understanding, have erred. On the other hand to blindly believe and not struggle to comprehend with our intellect the apparent difficulties, saying simply that they knew and we need merely to mindlessly rely on them, that is also not correct. We need to wrestle mightily with the apparent contradictions and doubts as if they are people like us. With this approach, we will come to a much profounder and sharper comprehension. Thus, we see that both factors - emunas chachomim (faith in our sages) and pilpul (intellectual evaluation) - work together to the purpose of the acquisition of Torah.
Michtav M'Eliyahu (4:269): Why
was Miriam punished with leprosy - indicating the sin of lashon harah -
when all she did was inquire about her brother’s conduct? G d Himself
answered this question by stating (Bamidbar 12:8): Why weren’t you
afraid to speak against My servant Moshe? It is permitted to question
the teacher’s conduct if he knows in his heart that his teacher is right
and he only wants a clarification. In other words, he wants to
understand but is not challenging or criticizing his teacher. In such
circumstances, it is not only permitted but is required as we see in
Berachos (62a). However when the student’s attitude is, “I also know
what to do and to judge the validity of my teacher and I am convinced he
is wrong” - then there is problem with his faith in scholars and such a
challenge is a manifestation of lashon harah…. An example of an
appropriate question is when Rabbi Akiva Eiger, one of the greatest
scholars in the last several hundred years, raised a difficult question
about the words of Tosfos. He concluded his words by stating:” I have
not merited to understand the holy words of Tosfos.” [G d forbid to
think he was just being polite. In fact, he, despite all his greatness,
understood that Tosfos was superior and he was nothing in relation to
them. A great person is upset that he doesn’t understand while a little
person in his arrogance readily accuses his superiors of error.]
Maharal
(Introduction to Be’er HaGolah): The precondition for achieving
perfection, through knowledge and comprehension of reality, is accurate
self evaluation. However self knowledge is not easily achieved and in
fact it is rare to find someone who has an objective understanding of
whom he is. Paradoxically this should be the easiest thing to know - he
needs to simply open his eyes. He is not far away and is not in Heaven -
in fact, there is nothing closer! However, the majority of people
perceive themselves inaccurately. In particular, they mistakenly think
that they are the equal of the early sages and say, “I also have a brain
and that the early days were not better than now.” They insist the
intellect of man is identical in all ages. True sages, however, know
their own value. They do not distort justice concerning their money and
surely concerning themselves. An example of this accurate
self-evaluation is found in Eiruvin (53a): “The hearts of the early
generations were as open as the 20 amos wide door of the Ulam of the
Temple, while that of recent generations is like that of the 10 amos
wide door of the Heichal of the Temple while our heart is like that of
the eye of a needle….” We see that they are not embarrassed to admit
their inferiority relative to earlier generations and describe how they
differ….
