https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_States
In the United States, the relationship between race and crime has been a topic of public controversy and scholarly debate for more than a century.[1]
Crime rates vary significantly between racial groups. Most homicide
victims in the United States are of the same race as the perpetrator.
Academic research indicates that the over-representation of some
racial minorities in the criminal justice system can in part be
explained by socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, exposure to poor
neighborhoods, poor access to public education, poor access to early
childhood education, and exposure to harmful chemicals (such as lead) and pollution.[2][3] Racial housing segregation
has also been linked to racial disparities in crime rates, as blacks
have historically and to the present been prevented from moving into
prosperous low-crime areas through actions of the government (such as redlining) and private actors.[4][5][6] Various explanations within criminology have been proposed to excuse racial disparities in crime rates, including conflict theory, strain theory, general strain theory, social disorganization theory, macrostructural opportunity theory, social control theory, and subcultural theory.
Research also indicates that there is extensive racial and ethnic discrimination by police and the judicial system.[7][8][9][10]
A substantial academic literature has compared police searches (showing
that contraband is found at higher rates in whites who are stopped),
bail decisions (showing that whites with the same bail decision as
blacks commit more pre-trial violations), and sentencing (showing that
blacks are more harshly sentenced by juries and judges than whites when
the underlying facts and circumstances of the cases are similar),
providing valid causal inferences of racial discrimination.[11][12][13][14]
Studies have documented patterns of racial discrimination, as well as
patterns of police brutality and disregard for the constitutional rights
of African-Americans, by police departments in various American cities,
including Los Angeles, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia.[15][16][17][18][19]