Saturday, September 10, 2022

Tamar Epstein: is a godol the same as two kosher witnesses?

With the continued silence of the Kamenetskys and Rav Greenblatt concerning why Tamar Epstein was told she could marry without a Get, I think it is important to present an interesting conjecture that answers the question. It must be noted that this is only conjecture at this point - but it has the ring of truth.

One of the critical unanswered questions is who is the halachic authority behind the heter? Rabbi Greenblatt has acknowledged that he was the mesader kiddushin but he says he relied on a heter to remarry without a get from GEDOLIM - that he refuses to name because of the chilul haShem.

I propose that the heter is from Rabbi Greenblatt himself - though I assume he found some rabbis who agreed to his ruling. 

Support for this conjecture is the rather strange fact that Tamar and her new husband went to Memphis for the wedding - but neither of them is from Memphis and they haven't lived there. Now why would two busy people from New York and Philadelphia go to Memphis for a wedding - it can't be because it was convenient for their friends and family - most of whom don't live there.

While it could be argued that at the age of  90, Rabbi Greenblatt would be seriously inconvenienced to go to New York - it doesn't explain why he was mesader kiddushin. After all, Rav Shmuel as well as Rav Sholom know how to perform a marriage - so why didn't they? In fact there is no lack of rabbis who could have done it and have more connection to the family.

The simply and obvious answer is that Rabbi Greenblatt was mesader kiddushin because he was the one who gave the heter to remarry. However that doesn't explain why he had to personally marry them - couldn't he simply give the heter and let some other rabbis be mesader kiddushin?

The logic of the conjecture is that the heter of Rabbi Greenblatt rests strongly on his authority as a posek - not on his servora. Obviously he is relying on his understanding of the rulings of Rav Moshe Feinstein - but that is subject dispute. Any rabbi can claim that he is based on Rav Moshe - such as Rabbi Rackman did - but it simply wasn't accepted. Rabbi Greenblatt needed some basis of authority above the claim that this was Reb Moshe's psak. 

The critical fact - that as he himself has noted - that while he is not a world class posek he is clearly moreh d'asra. Furthermore in his part of the country he is viewed as the highest posek. So just as the Sanhedrin had no authority when it left its chambers - Rabbi Greenblatt views his authority to posken on this issue dependent on being in Memphis.

In sum, I conjecture that the foundation of the heter to marry is from Rabbi Greenblat. The authority comes from his status as posek not only of Memphis but of the South. As such he doesn't feel a need to justify himself since most frum Jews in that part of the country have accepted him as the highest authority - without the need for explanation. Thus the Shach (Y.D. 242) that requires explanation when giving a seemingly strange psak -is taken care of. That is only when the psak will be questioned. Rabbi Greenblatt is not questioned in the South

 Tamar Epstein needed to go to Memphis to be included in his halachic community - which she did. He needed to be Mesader Kiddushin to clearly establish that this was his psak and thus protect her - at least in the South - from criticism.

At the same time he was telling the truth that he was relying on other gedolim. He relied entirely on the Kaminetsky's to tell him that Aharon Friedman had some serious blemish that was unknown before the marriage, clearly manifested itself after marriage, was something that most women could not accept and that she left him as soon as she was informed of this "fact". He was also relying on the gadol - Rav Moshe Feinstein - for the concept of Mekach Ta'os. Finally I assume there were at least two other major poskim who agreed to his psak. Taken together, he did in fact rely on other gedolim which he refused to name. BUT HE IS THE SOURCE OF THE HETER! 

An interesting question arises  from this conjecture, according to Rabbi Greenblatt - is Tamar's marriage only valid as long as she remains in Memphis? This is similar to Rav Goren's ruling that certain gerim were only Jews as long as they were living in Israel.

However even if the above analysis is correct, there still remains one insurmountable barrier to the validity of the heter. The heter is only valid if and only if Aharon Friedman has very serious mental health issues that existed prior to the marriage and that Tamar Epstein was unaware of. It is only valid if this mental health disorder manifested itself after the wedding to such a degree that most women could not live with it. This is obviously what the Kaminetsky's had to have told Rabbi Greenblatt - since he never spoke with Aharon Friedman. But the claim of serious mental health issues is simply not true - IT IS A LIE - as I can testify from speaking with Aharon Friedman personally and the complete absence of any mention of such in Tamar Epstein's diary listing his faults. 

 Rabbi Greenblatt clearly was naive and irresponsible in not investigating Aharon Friedman's mental state. As a minimum he should have spoken with him and he should have insisted on an independent expert to evaluate him - but he didn't.  Thus even if Rabbi Greenblatt has the authority to give a heter - since it is based on false information - it is invalid and Tamar Epstein is still married to Aharon Friedman.


I welcome evidence that either confirms or refutes the above conjecture - but it does explain Rabbi Greenblatt's reasoning as to why Tamar could marry without a GET.

51 comments:

  1. Rav Goren's case was that the Kedusha of Eretz Yisrael allows certain leniencies in the giur, but that if the same person went to live outside Israel, they would not have the same kedusha, hence their giur would be voided.
    There is no basis in the Torah to claim that Memphis has special kedusha. In any case, the two cases have nothing at all in common.

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  2. @Eddie you missed my point. Sometimes halacha is depenent upon either the location of the posek or the location of the person receiving the psak. Rabbi Greenblatt's authority is different in Memphis then if he came to Jerusalem or New York Rav Goren claimed the validity of the conversion depeneded on being in Israel

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  3. According to this conjecture, are Rabbis Shmuel and Shalom Kaminetzky in support of Tamar's marriage - or are they opposed to it?

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  4. As noted in a previous post - the Kaminetskys searched for poskim who would give the heter . According to this conjecture they found their answer in Rabbi Greenblatt

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  5. You note that you assume he got two other rabbis to join in. In matters of issur ve'heter, is this an absolute requirement, or do you mean that more as a matter of form he would not do this on his own?

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  6. The key point, are the two words, "the South" -- and in this case "the South" amounts to a mound of Bubkes! No one in their right mind would pay attention to what a bunch of hill-billies do or don't do! There are no real Frum Kehillas in "the South" it's all a Potemkin Village, an illusion of something that does not even exist. And own there people do all sorts of silly and stupid things because they are lost in their Lilliputian Never-Land, so it is hard to fathom why they are given so much attention!

    Who cares what goes on in Chelm? The case has been noted. The main actors are all mostly fools and amateurs. A few rabbis have been dragged into a marital dispute and it's getting fake attention on this blog because THE WORLD (and NOT "the South") does not care, meaning this is just another case that, as Rabbi Gestetner points out, happens in Reform, (and Conservative and Modern Orthodox and even in some Frum) circles, but it is not the norm in the Charedi, Sefradic and Chasidic and even the majority of the Orthodox world, it is the exception that proves the rule.


    The Torah world is basically well and healthy and this divorce is just another speck among many other specks that do not harm the bigger picture.

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  7. RaP I wish you were correct about the insignificance of this case - but you are clearly wrong as I have talked to many rabbis and they are all upset- but are not sure the proper way of reacting. No it is not viewed as an episode of a third rate soap opera. The significance forJudaism is much greater than a temporary wave of terrorisim in Jerusalem.

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  8. In serious matters poskim usually insist that others agree with them. I also assume he would want it viewed as a psak of beis din. I don't know if that was required in this case - that is why I said I assume that he got others to agree

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  9. Thank you.


    When you say that Rabbi Greenblatt's halachic authority has been accepted in the South, are you including Miami and Atlanta? Do the Rabbonim in Atlanta and Miami feel compelled to defer to him?

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  10. Thank you.

    When you say that Rabbi Greenblatt's halachic authority has been accepted in the South, are you including Miami and Atlanta? Do the Rabbonim in Atlanta and Miami feel compelled to defer to Rabbi Greenblatt?

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  11. Regarding his authority - I don't know - just was repeating what I heard from a number of American rabbis.

    My point was simply to explain a possible basis for the heter

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  12. Disagree 100% with this " The significance for Judaism is much greater than a temporary wave of terrorism in Jerusalem" because it's much more than that!



    Right now, the new Intifada that has JUST STARTED and no one knows where it's headed, has happened in CONJUNCTION with the military invasion of Syria by the MIGHTY Red Army, or whatever the Russians call their military machine nowadays. The Intifada is just a smokescreen for Russia and the terrible situation in the collapsed Syria and Iraq, as well as covering for Iran going nuclear. The UN is now meeting to condemn...no not Russia or ISIS or Syria or Iran, but to condemn Israel for defending itself, and actually Israel is not doing much YET, there may be a VERY BIG WAR coming very soon near a place to YOU!!!!!


    In CB, this week it's Rosh Yeshiva Rav Aron Schechter called for two nights of consecutive Tehillim in the Yeshiva for the Matzav in EY, but not a peeps about what Rabbi Greenblatt has done or not done. Basically, this divorce case has run it's course and has now been overtaken by more significant breaking events that require your serious attention.

    What should be the reaction and preparations of Israel's Jews for a huge Russian army on its borders? This has NEVER happened to Israel before. The last time in recent times was when the British occupied EY from 1917 to 1947 and when the Nazis were poised to invade EY in 1942 but were miraculously defeated at the gates of EY by British General Montgomery and his army.

    Think it over!

    Big things are happening and you are wtwiddling while, literlayy, Yerushalyim and its people BURN!

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  13. Here we go. No Rabbi Eidensohn CANNOT answer your loaded question!

    You know full well that RAS likes to think of himself as "controlling" most things and he likes to imagine that he has Atlanta and Miami in his pocket, this all translates into big donations in the end, which is all he really cares about in any case.

    So stop the power freak type of questions. And leave out the smart Alec questions about "controlling" Miami or Atlanta, because they are up for grabs. No doubt the Mafia controls everything but not RAS!

    If anyone "controls" the South, including Miami and Atlanta it is Chabad and the Chofetz Chaim Yeshiva Crowd and NOT RAS and not Rav Greenblatt either. Grow up!

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  14. Surely everything else is RELATIVELY UNIMPORTANT when this is happening in Israel now, watch this horrifying one minute summary, at the end when a Frum Yid is Nebech run down and then hacked to death, at least someone was armed and killed the Rodef, al pi din and Daas Torah!

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyYLTdWbQKw

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  15. RaP, There are actually at least 2 frum Kehillas in the South and probably many more that I am not familiar with. Memphis being one of them.

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  16. IT IS A LIE - as I can testify from speaking with Aharon Friedman personally


    I don't know how you can claim that from speaking with him, you can claim that he is 'normal'.
    I know several people that present themselves normal to the world, but are really lunatics or delusional. If you were to talk to them, they seem like the nicest people in the world. When you live with them it is a different story.
    I am not making any claims about this particular case. I don't know. I am just pointing out the fallacy of your reasoning on this point.

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  17. Daas Torah wrote:

    "Thus the Shach (Y.D. 242) that requires explanation when giving a seemingly strange psak -is taken care of. That is only when the psak will be questioned. Rabbi Greenblatt is not questioned in the South".

    With all due respect, this is nonsense. There are no regional limitations of raising a legitimate question about a strange psak. When your brother called him on the phone, he had the same obligation to explain himself. By neglecting to do so, he transgressed the halacha of the Shulchan Aruch (YD 242:10).

    I also take issue with the argument that that he refuses to name those who sanctioned his action, "because of the chilul haShem".

    I love the "fruminess" kicking in here. Concern for Chilul Hashem. I call it playing the Chilul Hashem card. He obviously sides with their judgment, as
    evidenced by him performing the marriage on their alleged say so. So why would there be any Chilul Hashem involved if his enablers are really halachically correct?

    The only Chilul Hashem I see here, is him hiding behind the so-called "gedolim", and serving as their straw man to cover for them.

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  18. Israel Reader I was just applying the reasoning of the Shach, If a psak is not questioned there is no need to give an explanation.

    I was just being melamed zchus - I agree with you

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  19. fedupwithcorruptrabbisOctober 16, 2015 at 4:16 PM

    Yes RAP my point that i have written before quotes the Gemoro in Shabbos 139B that if tragedies occur to the Jewish people, checkout the corrupt rabbis amongst you" Basically the tragedies in Israel are a wakeup sign to us to rid ourselves from rabbis who are making corruptive rulings which destroy peoples lives. This is why DT must dwell on corruptive rabbinic rulings!

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  20. Joe as I pointed out Tamar Epstein reached the same conclusion as I did - and she was in fact living with him. One of the two therapist they went to had other ideas and she decided that he was correct.

    If the only one who claims that there is severe pathology and no one else is aware of it from day to day life - you can not claim that most normal people would not be able to live with him! Perhaps there is pathology but it doesn't interfere with the ability to have a normal marriage if the most serious thing she complains about is that he is an introvert and lacks some social sensitivities.

    So am just pointing out the fallacy of your claims

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  21. The husband, Aharon, is a high level staffer working in the United States Congress. Such operatives are vetted and given security clearance after insuring their full mental stability.

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  22. Here is my take on this matter if I may.

    ...heter
    to remarry without a get from GEDOLIM - that he refuses to name because of the
    chilul haShem...

    ***
    Huh? Is this a Freudian slip? If his actions hold water, it is rather a Kiddush
    Hashem.

    ...I
    propose that the heter is from Rabbi Greenblatt himself - though I assume he
    found some rabbis who agreed to his ruling. ...

    ***
    Being the third party signing the fixed outcome document leheteira, krayna
    deigarta lehevei pravanka would cause this to happen, two birds with one shot is
    so much easier than to fetch and convince an additional one.

    ...Now
    why would two busy people from New York and Philadelphia go to Memphis for a
    wedding...

    ***
    along with the Hush Hush Mode, to keep away anyone that might object and disturb
    the simcha, and as to forever hold their peace.

    ...couldn't
    he simply give the heter and let some other rabbis be mesader
    kiddushin?

    ...The
    simply and obvious answer is that Rabbi Greenblatt was mesader kiddushin because
    he was the one who gave the heter to remarry. ...

    ***
    Right on! And no need to explain/convince a ponim chadoshos from
    Adam.

    ...Rav
    Shmuel as well as Rav Sholom know how to perform a marriage - so why didn't
    they? ...

    *** So that we should think, they have other
    gedoilem also giving their blessings, thereby, warding off direct potential
    hacklers .

    ...the
    heter of Rabbi Greenblatt rests strongly on his authority as a posek - not on
    his servora. ...

    ***
    Exactly so, the fixed outcome letter was proposed to have it signed with no
    questions asked. This is against the grain of a Posek. Such a complicated matter
    consisting of so many components, and especially if being medame milsa lemilsa
    of Mekach taut to R'MF's psak, Gomir alone will not cut, it is basic and
    essential the input of "VESOVIR" as well. Since being a Baki Betiv is a
    prerequisite, all three (3) parties must have their independent input, so as not
    ending up in a draw or stalemate. Therefore, the fixed outcome letter is
    especially troubling. An important question is, were the other two Rabonim in
    absentia when R'G signed? Tlosei kechoda
    havina?

    ...That
    is only when the psak will be questioned. Rabbi Greenblatt is not questioned in
    the South...

    *** R' G never claimed responsibility to be
    part of the PSAK/BD. The burden of proof is on the UNNAMED ALLEGED GEDOLIM and
    only if and when asked. I would like to think that this kangaroo wedding
    was somewhere in an undisclosed basement, known to a minimum few, privileged
    with sod H' lireiov, only to disappear in the dark of the night. The million
    dollar question is, how many days of sheva brachot have there been. That is, as
    a first time marriage =7 days, or as a second hand hand me down = 3 days, with
    Mr. Tamar's status still need to be
    considered.

    ...and
    that she left him as soon as she was informed of this
    "fact".
    ...
    to such a degree that most women could not live with
    it...

    ***
    ROFL, and she did not not know but had to be informed? Tse ubasser lasussim
    vechamorim.

    Taken together, he did in fact rely on other
    gedolim which he refused to name. BUT HE IS THE SOURCE OF THE
    HETER!

    ***
    "Ukvar hora haZaken", sheds some light on who those "Other gedolim" might be.
    Having all these burdensome issues, it is bound to collapse on it's nose very
    very soon.

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  23. I originally thought they were going to live in memphis (meaning little visitation for the father, despite any court orders).

    Now the new ?couple? will be moving to a new community which will / will not defer to RNG (unless its philadelphia RSK's, but even philadelphia has other dayanim that may not want to accept such a questionable couple).

    When and if they have children, the local yeshiva may or may not want to accept them, but other parents may or may not permit their children to play / otherwise associate with them. Especially now that they don't have the RNG umbrella.

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  24. Thank you for your correction.

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  25. Hey, RaPper! Weren't you complaining that there is not time to be busy with this now? How do you have time for this little obsession of yours?

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  26. I spoke to an American rav living in Eretz Yisroel about the episode and offered to send him more information. His response, after agreeing that on the face of it something is mighty fishy: What difference will it make if I know the details.

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  27. Why would someone not want their children to play with children of this couple, in the event that they have them? Even if they have the status of mamzerim, does ve'ahavta lere'acha kamocha not apply to them? I understand why people would not want their children to marry them, but your suggestion sounds a bit overboard.

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  28. Would he say the same if you told him that someone in his neighbor was a child molester or that a rabbi was a drug pusher etc etc.

    As a minimum he should write a letter of protest or sign one that exists

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  29. People don't want their children playing / socializing with others for all sorts of valid and invalid, stupid and smart, racist and otherwise, reasons.

    People socialize with others for all sorts of reasons.

    Why add another reason?

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  30. Another comment about a nameless, supposed "rav." Some people are becoming fearful that if the publicity will cause Tamar's adultery to have some tangible consequences (even to those who choose to close their eyes to the issurim and the mamzeirus), it will then bring forth publicity to other cases of adultery and mamzeirus - such as those sanctioned by Rabbis Schwartz and Belsky.

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  31. It's been weeks since the wedding ceremony of Tamar and yet not a single central authority issued a letter to protest what appears to be a massive chillul hashem.

    Apparently we will have to get used to the situation that the most trusted authorities must keep quiet in order not to upset this sort of people.

    I am not blaming anyone in particular because I am only too aware of the risk they may be taking and it is not up to me to decide what risk they should be taking. However, clearly this will have a profound effect on their credibility.

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  32. You missed out the point that he had to have been mad at the time when they got married, years before he was so called diagnosed and before he had to endure the schmutz by his wife and those helping her.

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  33. I venturing to say that the reason that no one has spoken up is because it was kept hush hush., and no one knew about it. Even when people did start hearing about the story, they refuse to believe it, saying "I don't want to hear "Lashon Hora..."

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  34. Why should there be no need for a beis din?

    Aharon stood to be disenfranchised of his wife, his marriage
    retroactively turned into "bias zenus", and to have himself declared by a psak din as
    unfit to be a husband.

    As an affected party, Aharon has the right to be given an
    opportunity to present his side of the argument, and to counter any allegations against him,in any forum that his case is being
    discussed. As far as we know, this did not happen with this so-called
    "anullment".



    In the absence of halachic due process, there can't be any "psak" of a single rabbi, let alone of a beis din. People must realize that unilateral
    pronouncements, which disenfranchise a person without having been granted due
    halachic process, have little Torah value.

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  35. I don't understand. No pesak of any rabbi can retroactively turn his marriage into bias zenus as far as he is concerned. As long as she is not making financial demands, she asked an issur veheter shayla, which is relevant only for her. There is no such thing as a pesak din that he is unfit to be a husband, only that when she married him, it was a mekach ta'ut for her.
    If he wants to take her to Beis Din and insist she fulfill her marital obligations to him, that is certainly his right, but that is a different matter entirely.

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  36. Yehoshua - don't understand what you don't understand, Kiddushei Taos isn't simply from the perspective of the wife - Rav Moshe requires that most women could not put up with such a person. That means that he becomes unmarriagble as the result of the psak.

    So yes the psak makes his marriage bi'as zenus. If he wasn't married to her then there is no other way to describe their physical relationship!

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  37. What I mean is that
    A: The pesak is about what type of guy he was 8 years ago, or whenever it is that they got married. It is not saying anything about declaring him unfit to be a husband today.
    B: As far as I understand, the only one bound by an issur veheter ruling is the one who asked the shayla. If you and I are in identical circumstances, and we each ask a different rabbi for a pesak, and they give differing rulings, I follow my pesak and you follow yours. As applied to here, if the husband asks his halakhic authority if is was a mekach ta'us and his marriage therefore bi'as zenus, and he is told no, he does not have to bang al cheit on Yom Kippur for any bi'as zenus, and he may consider himself married even today. True, according to the purported pesak of Rabbi Greenblat it was a mekach ta'us, but Mr. Friedman is of no obligation to pay any attention to that.

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  38. Off course it is about who he is today. If he had some serious mental illness when married and perhaps for several years after - but had a miracle cure - the it is no longer kiddushei ta'os.

    The reasoning that if he had only realized what she was getting into - something that most woman could not deal with - does not apply if the condition is cured. Therefore it is critical that the rabbi says he in uncurable from whatever condition is the "mum"


    The issue is not whether he has to view the psak as true -but the fact that the world views it as true. What a gadal declares that you are incapable of being married - even if not true - is devastating and clearly harms your future.

    A simple example. The surgeon general declares that you have ebola and that you should be put into isolation and people should avoid you. You know it is not true. Do you just smile and say - "well you have your opinion but I know the truth"?

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  39. I don't think you are correct about the assumption that if he would be "cured" it would not be a kiddushei ta'us. If someone has a serious mum, even if it could be cured in, say, 10 years, it could still very well be a kiddushei ta'us if the woman was not aware of the mum.
    On your larger point, I agree that it is totally irresponsible and offensive for anyone to issue such a pesak without talking to him first. I am just trying to explain (to Israel Reader) why this is not like a din Torah between two people, and that not speaking to him may not in and of itself invalidate the pesak, and may be viewed as a hora'as issue veheter, not requiring a formal beis din.

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  40. Thank you RDE for clarifying on my behalf. I take the liberty of pointing out that there are other elements of Choshen Mishpat type topics here. For one, there are many financial benefits which halacha accords to a husband. Some of these are spelled out in Shulchan Aruch (EH 90). Most importantly is the fact that if beis din ruled that she is a moredes and he is not obligated to give her a Get, then his marital status affords him leverage regarding custody or any financial arrangements which he would like to negotiate with her. By declaring him unmarried to her, he has been automatically been disenfranchised of all these rights.

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  41. One of the key elements in kiddushei ta'os is that most women could not live with him. If he is cured from whatever mum he has then there is no reason why he can't be a good husband.

    Another condition is that she must leave him as soon as she finds out about it otherwise it is not a kiddushei ta'os because she is showing that she could live with it. This makes no sense if he were cured from the "mum"

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  42. But if he could not be lived with at the time of the kiddushin, the kiddushin is kiddushei ta'us, regardless of later developments. Any mekach ta'us is determined by the conditions present at the time of the mekach. It may be that he can now be a wonderful husband, but if the previous kiddushin did not take effect, he would need to perform a new one.

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  43. To be Dan Lekaf Zechus,:
    1) How do you know that they even know about the story?
    2) Even if they hear about the story, maybe they don't believe that it's true.
    3) Do these "reputable people" have any yediyos in Even Ha'ezer, and what constitutes "kedushei taus"?
    4)
    While not a total excuse, they have their own reputations at stake,
    which depends on their social standing in the Torah world, which is not
    enhanced by them taking on an unpopular cause.

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  44. Nope! If she did not know about his condition and then he gets cured before he hears about it - it is not a mekach ta'os.

    Again, if she learns about it only after marriage and she doesn't leave - but she can live with it - it is not kiddushei ta'os. It is a legitimate marriage from the beginning. So surely if the condition is cured and she has no reason to leave.

    In sum you are ignoring Reb Moshe's teshuovs and making up your own version.

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  45. @Yehoshua
    I agree with you that it's irresponsible and offensive for anyone to issue such a
    pesak without talking to the husband first. I would add that it's also reckless,
    especially when the issur v'hetter component hinges on an objective evaluation of the husband.

    However you've neglected to explain why you feel that this is not like a din Torah between two people.

    I disagree and posit, that since this is a composite case of Even Haezer and Choshen Mishpat (as I've amply explained above) , the CM components of the case mandate that it be treated overall like any other CM case: שמוע בין אחיכם.

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  46. Give peace a chance. Maybe they got a heter al pi Kabala al pi sod since sod H' lireiov, either from the kabalists in Israel or from the ones beGalut be'eretz Kush.

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  47. I agree with both of those points. That has nothing to do with what I wrote. I did not write that she does not need to leave right away, and I did not write anything about if he is "cured" before she hears of it. I wrote about a circumstance where she leaves write away and he was subsequently "cured," which I assume is the way the mattirim here understand the case (although I don't know how they could see it this way). In such a case, it would still be a mekach ta'us.

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  48. That is an interesting point, but I am not sure if it is correct. As noted by R' Shimon Shkop, and R' Akiva Eiger before him, when there is a matter that has ramifications in several areas of halakha and there are different standards for pesak in those areas, the first decision made is what the primary question is, and it is decided according to those standards. For example, R' Akiva Eiger writes that even though establishment of paternity affects inheritance, which is a CM issue, and with regard to CM issues the rule is אין הולכין בממון אחר הרוב, we can still use רוב to establish paternity, as inheritance is only a secondary outcome of paternity, which is primarily a YD or EH question. Here as well, one could argue that the primary issue is one of EH, so it is judged according to those rules, the CM ramifications notwithstanding.

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  49. There is no proof but increasing likelihood that they know.


    Item 4 on your list is probably the correct one. Others may believe that keeping quiet would too have implications to their reputation

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